Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the theoretical basis of the academic study of literature, including what it involves, what methods it uses, and why it is done in the first place.
2. Identify and analyze the main characteristics of three major forms of literary writing (poetry, prose fiction, and drama) and related genres (e.g., sonnet, short story, tragedy, comedy, etc.).
3. Employ close reading techniques to analyze the ways in which various forms of literature state, imply, or complicate meaning, and produce effects upon readers.
4. Plan, write, and revise analytical essays that include argumentative claims, the use of convincing supporting evidence, and the effective analysis of evidence.
5. Apply appropriate literary terminology in analyzing works of literature.
6. Demonstrate effective writing skills, including clear and grammatical sentences, unified and coherent paragraphs, and a tone and vocabulary that are appropriate to the writer's goals.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe diverse ways that literature has been experienced and defined as an art.
2. Identify and describe different forms, media and genres of literary writing.
3. Explain the relevance of the social contexts of writers or audiences to literary expression.
4. Collaborate in analysis via discussion.
5. Analyze and write about literature using appropriate forms of argument, disciplinary terminology, and interpretive methods.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Assess the significance of literary texts to their cultural moment.
2. Evaluate the continued influence that transformative texts have in the present.
3. Evaluate the process of literary canon-formation, identifying which social groups control this process and which are excluded.
4. Evaluate the function of literature both as an expression of social power and as a way to resist power.
5. Use textual evidence effectively to support interpretations.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze texts of different forms and genres using discipline-specific terminology.
2. Demonstrate familiarity with the work of BIPOC writers.
3. Evaluate themes of race, trauma, resistance, and cultural celebration in literary texts.
4. Use textual evidence effectively to support interpretations.
5. Demonstrate close reading and critical thinking skills.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe key features of the horror, sci fi, and fantasy genres, and explain how those features develop over time.
2. Identify the storytelling techniques writers use to elicit particular responses from audiences (fear, wonder, etc.).
3. Assess the relationship between escapist genres and contemporary controversies or crises.
4. Evaluate the significance of the term genre fiction, and explain the stereotypes, value judgements, and identity politics that the term evokes.
5. Analyze literary texts using discipline-specific terminology.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify and describe important themes from assigned texts.
2. Assess the role played by representations of humanity or monstrosity in contemporary social debates.
3. Analyze literary texts using discipline-specific terminology.
4. Formulate, develop and construct persuasive arguments based on evidence from the texts.
5. Convey arguments in clear, coherent, and grammatical prose.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify literary genres as a way of classifying and inferring or resisting the kind of claims they make to truth or power.
2. Analyze texts from an array of forms, including poetry, prose fiction, political discourse, social media, conversation, laws and constitutions, protest, etc.
3. Compose well-structured, thesis-driven essays.
4. Use discipline-specific terminology, especially terminology related to meaning and power.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of the work of BIPOC writers, especially contemporary Indigenous Canadian writers.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain what poetry is, and what distinguishes it from other cultural forms.
2. Identify the formal elements of a text and explain why they are significant.
3. Demonstrate the interconnection between form and meaning.
4. Identify the similarities and differences between literary and popular forms of poetry.
5. Explain the role poetry plays as an expression of identity and aspiration, with special attention paid to marginalized voices (e.g. BIPOC writers).

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze texts from an array of forms, including poetry, prose fiction, political discourse, social media, conversation, laws and constitutions, protest, etc.
2. Identify basic assumptions about human relationships to the planet that underlie authors’ (and their own) understanding of environmental concerns (e.g. nature/culture binary, ideologies of progress, etc.
3. Compare/contrast different representations of human/environment relationships across cultures and over time.
4. Challenge prevailing ideas about “the planet” and explore alternatives.
5. Communicate their understanding of environmental challenges using analytical and reflective modes.
6. Communicate their experience of the tangible world.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Use discipline-specific terminology in the analysis of portrayals of race, gender, and sexuality in literary texts of various genres.
2. Demonstrate a historical and critical understanding of literary portrayals of race, gender, and sexuality.
3. Assess the role literature plays in constructing and expressing identities.
4. Deploy a methodological approach to close reading and critical thinking.
5. Develop interpretations in thesis-driven essays supported by appropriate textual evidence.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Compare the ways in which various literary genres portray different aspects of identity, love, and desire.
2. Explain how different representations of love, gender, and sexuality are imagined to affect social life and social change.
3. Identify literary genres as a way of classifying texts.
4. Compose well-structured, thesis-driven essays and learn to revise with critical feedback.
5. Analyze literary texts using discipline-specific terminology.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze the relationship between literary art and mental health.
2. Explain how representations of mental health shift across genres and periods.
3. Assess the role of narrative in enabling people to confront loss.
4. Demonstrate familiarity with the work of BIPOC writers, especially contemporary Indigenous Canadian Writers.
5. Analyze texts using discipline-specific terminology, and presenting ideas in clear and effective prose.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify and describe the various hallmarks or elements of fiction.
2. Identify, analyze, and employ the language of literary analysis and close reading when discussing short fiction and novels (e.g., metaphor, irony, pathos, parody, rhetoric, ideology, etc.).
3. Demonstrate a sound knowledge of grammar, punctuation, diction, and syntax.
4. Compose original arguments that evaluate, analyze, and synthesize primary texts, and that do so within a structural framework that includes a thesis statement, strong topic sentences, textual evidence, a compelling conclusion, and other characteristics of analytical literary essays.
5. Demonstrate familiarity with a range or literary works by diverse authors from around the globe.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify and describe a selection of critical approaches to, or pathways through, fiction.
2. Identify, analyze, and employ the language of literary analysis and close reading when discussing short fiction and novels (e.g., metaphor, irony, pathos, parody, rhetoric, ideology, etc.).
3. Demonstrate a sound knowledge of grammar, punctuation, diction, and syntax.
4. Compose original arguments that evaluate, analyze, and synthesize primary texts, and that do so within a structural framework that includes a thesis statement, strong topic sentences, textual evidence, a compelling conclusion, and other characteristics of analytical literary essays.
5. Demonstrate familiarity with works by diverse authors from around the globe.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate knowledge of significant works by Shakespeare.
2. Situate Shakespeare's plays within the historical, social, and cultural contexts of early modern England.
3. Evaluate the contribution made by Shakespeare’s plays to contemporary debates about gender roles, racial difference, and communities such as the family, the household, or the nation.
4. Engage in close, critical readings of individual speeches and scenes in the plays that consider the relationship between form and meaning.
5. Write persuasive, evidence-based arguments that demonstrate literary analysis and incorporate some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze the dominant narratives of the Canadian nation to critically act upon their legacy and impact.
2. Examine alternate and often marginalized perspectives on the formation of the Canadian nation.
3. Explain the role of race and migration in the constitution of the national imaginary.
4. Deploy cross-disciplinary concepts and vocabulary to redefine belonging and citizenship.
5. Engage with the past to alter and imagine the nation's future and your place in it as a global citizen.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Classify Old English and Old Norse/Old Icelandic texts generically, identifying the salient features of their genres.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the social organization, religious beliefs, and political struggles of the people who wrote and consumed Old English and Old Norse/Old Icelandic texts.
3. Identify some influential scholarly interpretations of these works, and use those interpretations effectively in written assignments.
4. Evaluate the significance modern culture attributes to these literatures, both in popular culture, academic, and contemporary political struggles or identity politics.
5. Communicate interpretations of Old English and Old Norse/Old Icelandic texts in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify the main literary genres of Middle English poetry and prose, and describe their characteristics.
2. Situate medieval texts in their cultural and historical contexts.
3. Evaluate the influence of religious beliefs and practices, gender and sexuality, and court and civic life on literary texts.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the manuscript contexts of medieval literary texts.
5. Demonstrate a basic reading knowledge of Middle English.
6. Communicate interpretations of Middle English texts in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify the main literary genres of medieval literature, and describe their characteristics.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the critical paradigms that have been most influential in illuminating medieval texts.
3. Explain the dynamic exchange between western European literary cultures and Islamic and Persian cultures during the medieval period.
4. Evaluate the position of English literary texts within the larger medieval world.
5. Communicate interpretations of medieval literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate knowledge of the major writers, genres, and themes of English writing during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
2. Evaluate the influence on literary culture during the period of developments in intellectual culture, religion, politics, overseas exploration and colonialism, and ideologies surrounding gender roles.
3. Identify the scholarly arguments and critical paradigms that have been most influential in illuminating sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English literary culture.
4. Communicate interpretations of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze and interpret early modern plays as theatrical scripts as well as literary texts.
2. Identify the salient features of the main genres of early modern drama, explaining similarities and differences between various playwrights' use of these genres.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of the professional theatre in early modern London, including the organization of acting companies, playhouse design, stagecraft, repertories, censorship, and audience demographics.
4. Analyze the portrayal in early modern drama of contact between people of different social classes, nations, and races.
5. Communicate interpretations of early modern drama in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate knowledge of the major poets, writers of prose fiction, essayists, orators, political figures, dissidents, and autobiographers of America from the post-revolutionary period to the Great Depression.
2. Situate literary works in their historical contexts to identify continuities and discontinuities across the period.
3. Identify the interrelations between core themes, historical contexts, and literary genres.
4. Identify key critical approaches to nineteenth-century American literature and draw on those approaches in written assignments.
5. Communicate interpretations of nineteenth-century American literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Evaluate the importance of the novel as one of the primary forms of nineteenth-century cultural production on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century.
2. Identify the principal characteristics of the novel during the period, and assess the use of those characteristics by various authors.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of key literary concepts—such as romanticism, melodrama, realism, and modernism—that are vital to an understanding of nineteenth-century literature.
4. Communicate interpretations of nineteenth-century transatlantic literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify the major themes, genres, narrative conventions, and literary devices associated with nineteenth-century British fiction.
2. Explain the roles of different forms of media in nineteenth-century Britain, especially in relation to social changes that took place during the period.
3. Evaluate the influence of historical, social, and cultural contexts on the work of nineteenth-century British writers.
4. Explain how stylistic, rhetorical, and formal features of the works studied contribute to the expression and development of a theme.
5. Communicate interpretations of nineteenth-century British literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify key features of Modernist genres of poetry, prose, and criticism, employing appropriate literary terminology.
2. Assess the influence of Modernist writers’ life experiences—including their politics, gender, class, and cultural affiliations—on their writing.
3. Identify connections between the literary art and literary criticism produced by writers who worked in both genres.
4. Evaluate the scholarly interpretations and critical frameworks that have been most influential on illuminating Modernist writing.
5. Communicate interpretations of Modernist literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Evaluate the complex relationships between texts by Indigenous and settler (BIPOC and white) writers in Canadian literary culture.
2. Identify the formal and generic characteristics of Canadian literary texts.
3. Situate those texts in their cultural, historical, and political contexts.
4. Evaluate the different experiences of various dominant and marginalized groups in relation to notions of belonging, home, citizenship, diversity, and racism.
5. Identify influential critical approaches to Canadian literature, and draw on those approaches in written assignments.
6. Communicate interpretations of Canadian literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify the genres, styles, themes, and contexts of Indigenous literature, with attention to the diversity and complexity of traditions originating in Indigenous communities across North America.
2. Explain the complex relationship of contemporary Indigenous writing to historical, political, and social contexts in Canada and in the U.S.
3. Explain the influence of colonialism and racism on Indigenous experience and literary production.
4. Evaluate the array of perspectives Indigenous texts offer on concepts of gender, survivance, literary nationalism, and relationship to the land.
5. Identify key critical and methodological frameworks in the study of North American Indigenous literature, with attention to the importance of positionality.
6. Communicate interpretations of Canadian literature in thesis-driven essays that combine the close reading of primary sources with some secondary research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course’s topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course’s topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the intellectual and ideological underpinnings of Modernism as an international and multidisciplinary movement.
2. Make insightful connections between Modernist works of both literary and visual art.
3. Assess the role played by Modernism in contemporary political struggles, including those surrounding war, fascism, and racism.
4. Work collaboratively to offer cogent analyses of Modernist works.
5. Present interpretations is persuasive, well-written assignments supported by appropriate research.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analysing the course’s topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the historical, political, religious, and intellectual influences that shaped literary culture in specific periods.
2. Explain how literary texts assigned in the course participate in social or political movements, or are otherwise implicated in social or historical change.
3. Demonstrate an understanding the critical and theoretical methodologies that are most productive in analyzing the course's topic, and deploy these methodologies in written assignments.
4. Participate in current scholarly debates in the field.
5. Write thesis-driven essays that combine secondary research with the analysis of primary texts.