SOP 7.10.2 - Submental Blood Collection in Mice

University Animal Care Committee Standard Operating Procedure

Document No: 7.10.2

Subject: Submental Blood Collection in Mice

Date Issued: March 14, 2012

Revision: 5

Location: Queen’s University

Responsibility: Principal Investigators, Research Staff, Veterinary Staff

Purpose: The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to describe the methods of submental blood collection in mice.

Abbreviations:

Animal Care Services ACS, Principal Investigator PI, subcutaneous SC, intravenous IV, intraperitoneal IP, intramuscular IM, per os PO, per rectum PR

 

1. Introduction and Definitions:

Use the following table to determine the most appropriate site for blood collection based on the volume required.

Site Submandibular Saphenous Submenta Tail Vein Retro-orbital Cardiac Puncture
Multiple sampling Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Volume Max.200µl Max. 200µl Max. 200µl 50µl Max. 200µl TBV
Gauge Needle 4-5.5 mm lancet 23-25g 4-5.5 mm lancet 23-25g/scalpel Capillary tube 23-25g

The following are “good practice” guidelines recommended for blood collection volumes, sites and needle gauges. As a general principle, sample volumes and number of samples should be kept to a minimum. As a general guide, up to 7.5% of the total blood volume can be taken on a single occasion from a normal, healthy animal on an adequate plane of nutrition with minimal adverse effects; 10% once every two weeks and 15% once every four weeks. For repeat bleeds at shorter intervals, a maximum of 1.0% of an animal's total blood volume can be removed every 24 hours. The acceptable quantity and frequency of blood sampling is dependent on the circulating blood volume of the animal and the red blood cell (RBC) turnover rate (RBC life span of the mouse: 38-47 days / RBC life span of the rat: 42-65 days). Always taken into consideration must be:

  • The species to be sampled
  • The size of the animal to be sampled
  • The age and health of the animal to be sampled
  • The effects of handling stress
  • The collection site
  • The frequency of sampling necessary
  • The training and experience of the personnel performing the collection
  • The suitability of sedation and/or anesthesia
  • The minimum volume required for analysis. The maximum permitted blood volume includes blood lost during collection. As a general rule, 20 drops = 1 mL (i.e. 5 drops = 250 uL)
     

When collecting blood it is very important that the handler is able to recognize signs of shock and anemia. The combined effect of sample volume and sample frequency without appropriate fluid replacement can cause an animal to go into hypovolaemic shock or become anemic. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin level, red blood cell and reticulocyte counts should be monitored throughout a series of bleeds using the results from the first sample from each animal as the baseline for the animal.

  • Signs of hypovolemic shock include a fast and thready pulse, pale dry mucous membranes, cold skin and extremities, restlessness, hyperventilation, and a sub-normal body temperature.
  • Signs of anemia include pale mucous membranes of the conjunctiva or inside the mouth, pale tongue, gums, ears or footpads (non-pigmented animals), intolerance to exercise and with severe anemia, increased respiratory rate when at rest.

If>10% blood volume is required, it is recommended to replace collected blood volume by 3–4 times the volume of blood collected with isotonic fluids (i.e. fluids with same tonicity as blood, such as 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or Lactated Ringer’s solution).

The Circulating Blood Volume (CBV) of an adult mouse is ~72 ml/kg (0.072ml/g).

  • 1% (maximum) of the CBV can be collected every 24 hours.
  • 7.5% (maximum) of the CBV can be collected in a single collection, once per week.
  • 10% (maximum) of the CBV can be collected in a single collection, once per every 2 weeks.
  • 15% (maximum) of the CBV can be collected in a single collection, once per every 4 weeks.

To calculate blood collection volumes:
Body weight x Circulating Blood Volume = Total Blood Volume (TBV)

  • TBV x % (based on desired frequency of collection) = allowable volume to be collected.
  • i.e. For a single collection once per week: 20 g x 0.072 ml/g = 1.44 ml/g then 1.44 x 0.075 (7.5% for once per week sample) = 0.1 ml is the maximum allowable volume.
Body Weight (g) Total Circulating Blood Volume (ml) Acceptable volume for collection µl (ml)
1.0% cumulative or single collection every 24 hrs 7.5% single collection once per week 10% single collection once per every 2 weeks 15% single collection once per every 4 weeks
15 1.08 11µl 80 (0.08) 108 (0.11) 160 (0.16)
20 1.44 14µl 108 (0.11) 144 (0.14) 216 (0.21)
25 1.80 18µl 135 (0.14) 180 (0.18) 270 (0.27)
30 2.16 22µl 162 (0.16) 216 (0.22) 300 (0.33)
35 2.52 25µl 189 (0.19) 252 (0.25) 375 (0.37)
40 2.88 29µl 216 (0.22) 288 (0.29) 430 (0.43)

This schedule allows for recovery time for the animals as illustrated in the following table:

Percent of blood volume collected in a SINGLE sampling Recovery period (weeks) Percent of blood volume collected over a 24-HOUR PERIOD(MULTIPLE samples) Recovery period (weeks)
7.5% 1 7.5% 1
10% 2 10 - 15% 2
15% 4 20% 4

2. Materials:

  • Sterile needles (multiple sizes ranging from 23-30g)
  • Lancets
    • <20g = 4.0 mm
    • 20g – 40g = 5.0 mm
    • >40g = 5.5 mm
  • Gauze
  • Alcohol swabs
  • Petroleum jelly
  • Collection tubes
  • Sterile swabs
  • Clippers (as needed)
  • Isotonic fluids such as Lactated Ringers or 0.9% NaCl

3. Procedures:

  • Only University Animal Care Committee (UACC) approved blood collection techniques can be performed.
  • The minimal volume required should be collected at all times.
  • All collections should be performed by trained and competent individuals.
  • The smallest needle size for the collection location (avoiding hemolysis) should be used.
  • Each and every animal requires a new sterile syringe and a new sterile needle/lancet. Prepare all equipment in advance.
  • Only three attempts per site should be practiced. If unsuccessful, allow another trained person to collect the sample.
  • Apply pressure with gauze until hemostasis occurs.

Submental

  • Restrain the mouse using the scruff technique. It is important to have a secure hold, with the head elevated extending the neck region.
  • Ensure the skin is taut without restricting breathing.
  • Landmark the submental veins – in white background animals the convergence of facial and submental veins create a dark area under caudal to the lower jaw. Application of alcohol to this site may help to visualize. Figure 3.
  • When not readily visible, move slightly rostro lateral from the group of hairs located on the midline of the throat. The target site will be a slightly softer spot in the tissue just medial to the facial vein.
  • Once the animal is restrained and the puncture site determined, swab the site with alcohol.
  • Use the 4-5mm lancet, or the 25-27g needle to puncture the dark area, just medial to the jaw on each side. Insert and withdraw in a smooth, firm fashion. The lancet should be held at a slight angle to the animal (~10-15°). The blood should flow freely. Figure 4.
  • Collect blood into capillary tubes, or directly into collection vials.
  • Bleeding should stop upon release of the scruff.
  • Monitor mouse for 5-10 minutes to ensure bleeding has stopped. If necessary, apply pressure with gauze until hemostasis occurs.

Submental procedure preparation

Figure 3. The darker areas indicate vessels under the skin, blue dot indicates the location of the hair or fur whorl. Circled areas indicate the approximate sites where the facial and submental veins converge. Neck shaved for photography. Image from: Regan, et al. JAALAS, 2016. 55 (5):570-576.

Submental Bleed in progress

Figure 4. University of Washington, courtesy of Erika French.

  1. Hoff, Janet, LVT, RLATG. “Methods of Blood Collection in the Mouse”, J. Lab Animal, Vol 29, No. 010 (November 2000).
  2. Kathryn Flynn, NIH - DVR – SoBran
  3. The National Center for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3R’s) – Blood Sampling Microsite. 
    https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/3rs-resources/blood-sampling
  4. http://www.usp.br/bioterio/Artigos/Procedimentos%20experimentais/Bleeding.pdf
  5. https://oacu.oir.nih.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/arac-guidelines/rodent_bleeding.pdf
  6. https://animal.research.uiowa.edu/iacuc-guidelines-blood-collection
  7. Regan, et al. JAALAS, 2016. 55 (5):570-576.
  8. University of Washington Training Manual
  9. PennState Wet Lab for Teaching Common Rodent Techniques
  10. Diehl, K.-H. et al., “A Good Practice Guide to the Administration of Substances and Removal of Blood, Including Routes and Volumes”, J. Appl. Toxicol., 21, 15–23 (2001)
  11. Guidelines for survival bleeding of mice and rats; NIH: http://oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/Bleeding.pdf
  12. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, Vol. 1 (2nd ed), Canadian Council on Animal Care, Canada, 1993
  13. Physiological and Pathological Impact of Blood Sampling by Retro-Bulbar Sinus Puncture and Facial Vein Phlebotomy in Laboratory Mice, Teilmann et al., PLOS Published: November 26, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113225

Date New Version
09/22/2015 Triennial review
01/25/2018 Triennial review
02/28/2019 Updated SOP
02/28/2022 Triennial review
07/18/2022 Original SOP separated into different blood collections SOPs

SOP 7.10.2 - Submental Blood Collection in Mice

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