An introduction to economic analysis of a modern mixed economy, including the roles of government. The microeconomics part of the course analyzes the behaviour of individual consumers and producers and the functioning of the market price system. The macroeconomics part examines the functioning of the economy as a whole, including the determination of national income, the price level, interest rates, the money supply, and the balance of payments.

An introduction to microeconomic analysis of a modern mixed economy. The course analyzes the behaviour of individual consumers and producers, the determination of market prices for commodities and resources, and the role of government policy in the functioning of the market system.
NOTE ECON 111 and ECON 112 together, are equivalent to ECON 110.
NOTE Also offered online. Consult Arts and Science Online. Learning Hours may vary.
NOTE Also offered at the Bader International Studies Centre, Herstmonceux. Learning Hours may vary.

An introduction to macroeconomic analysis of the economy as a whole, including the determination of national income, the price level, interest rates, the money supply, and the balance of payments. The principles of monetary and fiscal policy are also examined.
NOTE ECON 111 and ECON 112 together, are equivalent to ECON 110.
NOTE Also offered online. Consult Arts and Science Online, Learning Hours may vary.
NOTE Also offered at the Bader International Studies Centre, Herstmonceux, Learning Hours may vary.

Theory of markets and prices: decision-making by individuals and firms, equilibrium conditions under various market structures, and issues of individual and social welfare. This course presumes a knowledge of calculus at the first-year university level.
NOTE A grade of C in this course is required as a prerequisite for ECON 310.
NOTE Also offered online. Consult Arts and Science Online. Learning Hours may vary.

A study of the basic models of national income determination and financial markets. The course includes application to policy problems such as inflation, unemployment and balance of payments disequilibria.
NOTE A grade of C in this course is required as a prerequisite for ECON 320.

Current topics in macroeconomic policy which may include: unemployment and policies to reduce it, government budget deficits, supply-side controversies, financial deregulation, policy coordination, and management of exchange rates. Comparison of policies in Canada, the United States, and other OECD countries.
NOTE Also offered online. Consult Arts and Science Online, Learning Hours may vary.

This course will focus on two major topics: a) the process of economic integration towards a common market in Europe; and b) the coordination of macroeconomic policy within Europe, the operation of the European Monetary System and the movement towards European Union.
NOTE Offered only at the Bader International Study Centre, Herstmonceux.

An examination of the origins of modern economic growth concentrating on the industrial revolution in Britain and the prior developments leading up to it. Some attention is directed to the early followers of the changes initiated in Britain.

The spread of industrialization and economic development in Europe and areas beyond in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The geographic focus may differ from year to year but Germany, Russia and Japan are usually included.

A survey of the various economic theories and models elaborating the process of development. The course considers the meaning of economic development; the fundamental analytics of economic growth; the barriers to growth; balanced and unbalanced strategies of growth; population, employment and technology problems; foreign-trade and foreign aid issues.

The incentive effects of taxes on the allocation of resources in the economy and their impact on the distribution of wealth in Canada. Reviews Canadian tax policy and evaluates the effects of various federal and provincial taxes on the behaviour of households and firms.

An application of economic analysis to a selection of public policy issues. The topics covered will vary from year to year, but examples include regulation of agricultural and industrial markets, health economics, trade policy, natural resource policy, property rights and the 'external' effects of private activities. This course should be of special interest to students of law, political studies and sociology as well as economics.

An economic analysis of modern health care institutions, organizations, and markets, both generically and in the Canadian context. A discussion of current Canadian health policy debates and various policy options and reform proposals.
NOTE Also offered online. Consult Arts and Science Online, Learning Hours may vary.

An economic critique of policies past and present with regard to First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples living in Canada, with reference to relevant cultural, historic, geographic, and governance contexts. In some years, material may be more comparative and international in scope.

Statistical methods as used in economics. This course introduces statistical hypothesis testing and covers basic methods as far as linear regression analysis.
NOTE A grade of C in this course is required as a prerequisite for ECON 351.

An introduction to the use of mathematics in economic analysis. The first part of the course will concentrate on techniques for constrained and unconstrained optimization, as applied to problems of firm and consumer behaviour. This will lead to the interpretation of Lagrange multipliers as shadow prices. The second part of the course will show how matrix algebra may be used to study problems of production and allocation in interdependent economies.

An analysis of the Canadian labour relations system in an economic setting. The socio-economic institutional framework of the industrial and collective bargaining system in Canada provides the background for an analysis of some major emerging issues, such as white collar unionism, unions in the public sector, the public interest in emergency disputes, and the impact of technological change.

A Canadian perspective on labour market theories, trends, policies and the analysis of differences by gender in labour demand, labour supply, and wages.

An examination of the interrelationships between changes in the size, composition and distribution of population and changes in the economy. Application is made of some elementary concepts of economic theory and some basic techniques of demographic analysis are introduced. Illustrations are drawn from both the Canadian and the international settings.

An examination of the economic principles and practices for using environmental resources such as air, water, and natural environments. The economically optimal use of these resources is contrasted with actual uses in modern economies. Government policies are examined in theory and in practice. Cost benefit analysis is presented as a technique for evaluating public sector projects using environmental resources.

A rigorous examination of the central core of microeconomic theory. Consumer demand, the theory of production, product and factor markets, general equilibrium and some aspects of welfare economics are covered. The emphasis is on techniques of analysis.

An advanced study of the determinants of aggregate demand and the structure of Keynesian and new classical models. Policy issues covered include crowding out, choice of monetary policy instruments, and monetary policy and the exchange rate.

An in-depth coverage of portfolio selection theory, performance evaluation and derivative pricing theory. Portfolio risk management and hedging are introduced. Discussions on widely used derivative products including futures and options. Students will be exposed to the most recent developments in financial markets.

An introduction to the theory of comparative advantage followed by a study of trade policies in developed and developing countries including tariffs and quotas, licensing arrangements, anti-dumping and safeguard mechanisms, domestic content rules and other non-tariff barriers, and multilateral arrangements.

Uses the methods of economic analysis to examine the main features of the development of Canada before Confederation and the United States through the Civil War.

The development of the economies of Canada from Confederation and the U.S. since the Civil War. A comparative approach to the development of the two economies is taken.

Costs and benefits of legal rules. Among the topics covered are: the justification, acquisition, scope and taking by the state of property rights, the enforcement of and remedies for breach of contract, the assignment of liability in traffic accidents and harm from dangerous products, the costs of litigation and the optimal severity of punishment for crime with special reference to the death penalty.

Estimation and inference in multivariate econometric models. Emphasizes understanding of methods and their properties as distinct from formal theoretical development. Practical tools for preparing and analyzing data with appropriate models are taught using econometric software.

An introduction to numerical methods as used in economics, finance, and related fields. Topics include optimization, non-linear systems, numerical approximation, and simulation. Includes a major project where students implement economic models or replicate work found in the literature.

An analytical course covering topics in labour supply analysis, the economics of human capital, labour demand, the operation of labour markets, the economic behaviour and effect of unions, and selected aspects of wage structure.

A review of theories of the principal determinants of the distribution of income and wealth including labour supply, life-cycle savings, ability and investment in human capital, discrimination, intergenerational transfer mechanisms. Also examined are the distributional aspects of government tax transfer and social security programs.

Topics vary from year to year, reflecting the interests of students and the instructor. One-third of the course is devoted to spatial theory and two-thirds to the application of economic theory to such problems as optimal city size, urban public finance, pollution and aesthetics, and housing, transportation and poverty problems in the urban setting.

Examines regulated industries such as electrical utilities, communication, transportation and agriculture. Addresses traditional questions relating to pricing rules and some recent work in political economy that attempts to explain why society has adopted the particular form of intervention that has occurred.

The study of the exploitation and conservation of natural resources such as fisheries, forestry, minerals and energy, and the implications for public policy using tools of economic analysis. Issues relating to the quality of the environment and role of natural resources in the growth and development of the economy are also emphasized.

This course provides a solid understanding of the economic causes and consequences of environmental problems and suggests practical solutions. Microeconomic analysis is used to help address a range of issues related to the environment. Likely topics include global environmental problems, sustainable development, environmental law, strategic models of regulation, environmental ethics, and bioeconomic models.

Content varies from year to year. Game theory, risk, and externalities are among the topics covered in recent years.

An advanced discussion of selected topics in macroeconomic theory, policy, and evidence. Analysis uses: two-period models; linear, rational expectations models; overlapping generations models; and the neoclassical growth model. These methods are applied to such topics as: asset-pricing; hyperinflation; exchange-rate overshooting; Ricardian equivalence; international evidence on sources of economic growth. Detailed reference is made to empirical evidence.

Topics in monetary theory and policy, depending upon the interests of the instructor and students. Examples include the foundations of monetary theory; money supply and demand; portfolio choice; monetary aspects of the balance of payments; money and economic growth; financial markets; the term structure of interest rates.

Selected topics in financial economics. Topics may include: the microeconomics of banking; pricing of financial instruments; risk management and financial markets infrastructure; financial choices under uncertainty and general equilibrium. Students are directed to the undergraduate website for a detailed description yearly.

A rigorous treatment of the major issues in international trade theory, using mainly geometrical tools. There is also emphasis on empirical testing of various hypotheses. The major topics covered are the determinants of international trade patterns, commercial policy issues, trade and economic growth and regional integration.

The study of international capital flows, sovereign debt, and international risk-sharing; real exchange rates and international goods pricing; topics in international finance such as exchange-rate modeling and speculative attacks; and policy topics such as fiscal and monetary policy effects and exchange-rate regime choice.

An advanced course in economic history that explores a selection of topics debated in the literature. An emphasis is placed on the use of economic analysis to deal with historical issues. The topics vary from year to year and usually concern mainly, but not exclusively, North America. Offered concurrently with ECON 831.

Microeconomic issues: land, labor, credit, and insurance markets; duality; alternate views of the role and evolution of non-market institutions in the development process. Macroeconomic issues: urban migration; inequality and development; population growth and technical change; internal factor accumulation versus TFP growth. Offered concurrently with ECON 835.

A course covering the techniques and applications of cost-benefit analysis and project evaluation. Topics include the foundations of cost-benefit analysis; investment decision rules; the social discount rate; risk and uncertainty; and the shadow pricing of inputs. Objectives such as income distribution and macro-economic goals are also considered.

The study of public goods, redistribution of income, and taxation, with emphasis on efficiency and equality as criteria for decision-making in the public sector.

Selected topics in the theory of public economics and related policy questions. Content varies from year to year. Topics may include: the role of asymmetric information in public economics, tax policy, design of redistributive programs, fiscal federalism, and selected aspects of Canadian public policy. Students are directed to the undergraduate website for a detailed description.

Selected topics in microeconomic policy. Topics may include: climate change, health economics, national security (defense economics), globalization and/or regional development, and demographic change. Students are directed to the undergraduate website for a detailed description.
NOTE This course is repeatable for credit under different topic titles.

An analysis of industry structure, conduct and performance in the Canadian economy, including the major features and current issues of competition policy.

Selected topics in econometric methods and their application. Topics may include machine learning, autoregressive models, vector autoregression, unit roots and cointegration, and both cross-section and panel data estimation techniques. Students are directed to the undergraduate website for a detailed description.

Emphasizes problems in specifying and estimating econometric models, methods available for detecting and handling these problems, and economic applications. Extensive use of matrix algebra.

Applications of mathematics in economic analysis. Topics covered will generally include a review of optimization techniques as applied to consumer and producer theory, comparative statics, the envelope theorem, duality theory, welfare economics and general equilibrium theory. Optimization techniques to be covered will include nonlinear and dynamic programming. Offered concurrently with ECON 855.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on microeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on macroeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on macroeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on macroeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on macroeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Series of seminar courses on macroeconomic topics. Evaluation based on presentations, formal/informal participation and written papers. Offerings vary from year to year with staff availability. Topics announced in advance of course selection and available on the Undergraduate webpage.
NOTE Fourth year ECON Medial students with fewer than 30.0 ECON units and fourth year APEC students without ECON 320 should contact the department before May 1 to obtain permission to register in this course.

Optional for those in the B.A.(Honours) program with a major concentration in Economics or Applied Economics. The thesis is a major research paper to be undertaken with supervision of a faculty adviser. The thesis proposal should be presented to the Department by 31 October in the graduating year and a completed thesis must be submitted to the Department by the end of the Winter Session in the graduating year.

Exceptionally qualified students entering their third- or fourth-year may take a program of independent study provided it has been approved by the Department or Departments principally involved. The Department may approve an independent study program without permitting it to be counted toward a concentration in that Department. It is, consequently, the responsibility of students taking such programs to ensure that the concentration requirements for their degree will be met.
NOTE Requests for such a program must be received one month before the start of the first term in which the student intends to undertake the program.
NOTE Also offered at Bader College, UK.

Exceptionally qualified students entering their third- or fourth-year may take a program of independent study provided it has been approved by the Department or Departments principally involved. The Department may approve an independent study program without permitting it to be counted toward a concentration in that Department. It is, consequently, the responsibility of students taking such programs to ensure that the concentration requirements for their degree will be met.
NOTE Requests for such a program must be received one month before the start of the first term in which the student intends to undertake the program.

Exceptionally qualified students entering their third- or fourth-year may take a program of independent study provided it has been approved by the Department or Departments principally involved. The Department may approve an independent study program without permitting it to be counted toward a concentration in that Department. It is, consequently, the responsibility of students taking such programs to ensure that the concentration requirements for their degree will be met.
NOTE Requests for such a program must be received one month before the start of the first term in which the student intends to undertake the program.

Exceptionally qualified students entering their third- or fourth-year may take a program of independent study provided it has been approved by the Department or Departments principally involved. The Department may approve an independent study program without permitting it to be counted toward a concentration in that Department. It is, consequently, the responsibility of students taking such programs to ensure that the concentration requirements for their degree will be met.
NOTE Requests for such a program must be received one month before the start of the first term in which the student intends to undertake the program.