The Power of Diversity in the Armed Forces: International Perspectives on Immigrants’ Participation in the Military

Start Date

Friday June 25, 2021

End Date

Saturday June 26, 2021

Time

9:00 am - 5:00 pm

Location

Virtual

Theme

Download the Workshop Agenda (PDF 1.6mb)

Download the full Workshop Programme (PDF 3.1mb)

A key issue scholars and government officials around the world are currently grappling with is that of enhancing the diversity of their countries’ armed forces. Very few, however, focus on a critically important aspect of this debate: the representation of those who, in many countries, cannot fully contribute to enhancing the diversity of their armed forces because of their status as immigrants or non-citizens. This topic is particularly important to today’s militaries because they need to find innovative ways to increase and diversify their recruitment pools in order to accomplish the double objective of meeting their current recruitment needs whilst also reflecting the diversity of the populations they serve. This workshop brought together researchers from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, India, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States who will discuss the different experiences of various militaries around the world as they attempt to meet these two objectives simultaneously.

In particular, they discussed the nature of existing barriers as well as opportunities to immigrants/non-citizens’ full participation in the armed forces by drawing comparisons across countries, identifying common challenges and opportunities, sharing best practices, and providing evidence-based recommendations. This workshop’s most important contribution to the debate focussed on how to increase the diversity of militaries around the world consists in its central claim that the participation and integration of immigrants/non-citizens in the armed forces is morally and strategically imperative, and contributes to the goals of equity, diversity, and inclusion in defence organizations.

Presentations

Keynotes

Expanding the Considerations of Immigrants and Military:  Al Okros, Royal Military College of Canada; Dallaire Centre of Excellence for Peace and Security, Canadian Defence Academy.

From Integration to Inclusion: Key to Successful Culture Change:  Major-General Lise Bourgon, Canadian Armed Forces; CIDP 2020-21 Visiting Defence Fellow

Panels

Panel 1 - Representation: A Military that Reflects the Society it Serves

Panel 2 - Motivators to Non-citizen Military Participation

Panel 3 - Equity, Diversity, Inclusion: Benefits and Imperatives to Non-citizen Military Participation

Panel 4 - Roadblocks: Barriers to Non-citizen Recruitment and Retention in the Armed Forces


 

Partners

Robert Williams PhD, BGen (ret'd)

Robert Williams

Robert Williams PhD

BGen (ret'd)

About

Rob served as an intelligence officer in the Canadian Army retiring as a Brigadier-General. While serving in the military He was deployed on overseas operations to Croatia as part of a United Nations mission, several times to Bosnia with NATO, and also to Kabul, Afghanistan as part of the ISAF Headquarters in 2004.

Owing to his linguistic ability he has travelled extensively in Eastern and Central Europe. Rob completed a PhD in 2017 at Queen’s focused on the experience of the 1st Polish Armoured Division under Canadian command in Northwest Europe in late 1944 and challenges in the achievement of a shared common intent in coalition operations resulting from language and cultural differences. He currently teaches graduate courses in War Studies as a sessional instructor at RMC.

Research Interests

  • Multinational Coalition Warfare;
  • Eastern and Central Europe history; and
  • Military Intelligence

Recent Publications

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Online

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Maxim Starchak, Ph.D.

Maxim Starchak, Ph.D.

Maxim Starchak

Fellow

YGLN on Euro-Atlantic Security

Center for Support of Intl Initiatives (Poland)

About

Maxim Starchak is an independent expert on nuclear policy, strategic weapons and defense and nuclear industry. Fellow at the Centre for International and Defence Policy of the Queen’s University, and a Russia Correspondent for the European Security & Defence magazine.

He is a contributor to the Carnegie Russia Eurasia, Center for European Policy Analysis, and Russia.Post, an expert platform of The Russia Program at the George Washington University. Author of reports and articles for the Atlantic Council, Marshall Center, RUSI, Jamestown Foundation, the Foreign Policy Research Institute and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation on Russian nuclear forces. Previously, he has worked for Russian think tanks PIR Center, Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, and others. In 2017, he was a Visiting Fellow at the Polish Institute of Political Studies in Warsaw.

Affiliate Expert of the CITIC Foundation for Reform and Development Studies (China), Expert of the Center for Support of International Initiatives (Poland), Wikistrat Analyst (USA), Expert of the Testa Investment Consulting (Singapore), and a Member of World Institute for Nuclear Security. At various times, he was the editor of Russian defense magazines: Defense-Industrial Potential, and a New Defense Order. In 2006-2011, Head of the Research Group on International Security and Conflicts at Russian Political Science Association. In 2008-2010, a Council Member of the Siberian Centre for Security and Nuclear Nonproliferation. In 2012-2013, he was the project lead on the uranium industry for the Eurasian Development Bank. In 2013-2014, he was coauthor and editor of PIR Center White Paper “Towards nuclear disarmament: NTP article VI and Implementation of the 2010 Review Conference Decisions.” In 2014-2015, he served as Executive Editor of the Conference Proceedings of III & IV Moscow Conference on International Security of the Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation. In 2014-2015, Working group member from Russia on the preparation of the BRICS Think Tank Council Reports (section "international peace and security"). In 2016-2017, Deputy Executive Editor of the Eurasian Security Studies journal (Japan). In 2018-2019, Editor of the website of Russian Federal Targeted Programme for Ensuring Nuclear and Radiation Safety until 2020 and up to 2030. In 2010-2019, he was a permanent member of the Expert Council of the annual all-Russian essay competition of the NATO Information Office in Moscow.

His commentary has appeared in a number of publications such as the BBC, The Telegraph, AFP, le Monde, Reuters, The Washington Post, Business Insider, Voice of America, Deutsche Welle, Al-Jazeera, as well as other media outlets in Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Canada.

Research Interests

  • Russian Nuclear Policy

  • Russian Defence and Nuclear Industry

  • U.S., China, and Russia's strategic weapons and arms control

Recent Publications

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Online

Joel Sokolsky

Dr. Joel Sokolsky

Joel Sokolsky

Professor

Political Science and Economics

Royal Military College of Canada

About

Dr. Sokolsky is a Professor of Political Science at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC).  He holds a PhD in Political Science from Harvard University. A native of Toronto, Dr. Sokolsky earned his Honours BA from the University of Toronto and an MA from the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University. From 2008 to 2013, he was Principal (Provost) of RMC.  Prior to this appointment, Dr. Sokolsky was Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Head of the Department of Political Science and Chair of the War Studies Committee. He is a Senior Fellow at the Queen’s University Centre for International and Defence Policy and holds an appointment with the Queen’s Department of Political Studies. He is a Senior Analyst with Wikistrat.com. Dr. Sokolsky has served as a consultant to several government offices and represented Canada on the Secretariat Working Group of the NATO/Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes.

Research Interests

  • Canadian foreign and defence policy;
  • International security relations; and
  • American foreign and defence policy.

Recent Publications

Online

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Dr. Grazia Scoppio

Dr. Grazia Scoppio

Grazia Scoppio

Professor

Defence Studies

Royal Military College of Canada

gs104@queensu.ca

scoppio-g@rmc.ca

About

Dr. Grazia Scoppio is Professor Emerita, Defence Studies at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), cross-appointed in the Queen’s University Department of Political Studies and a fellow at the Centre for International and Defence Policy at Queen’s. She was a Fulbright Canada Research Chair in Peace and War Studies at Norwich University, in Vermont, USA.  She was Dean of Continuing Studies at RMC from 2017 to 2020 after having served as Associate Dean. Between 2002 and 2013 she held appointments at the Canadian Defence Academy and the Canadian Forces Leadership Institute. In 2018 she was a member of the first Halifax Peace with Women Fellowship Selection Committee for the Halifax International Security Forum. Due to her expertise Dr. Scoppio is often contacted to provide contributions to the media and testify before Parliamentary committees. She is an active member of various academic societies and a member of the Editorial Boards of two bilingual journals, the Canadian Military Journal and Comparative and International Education Journal. She has over two decades of experience conducting interdisciplinary research on issues related to military personnel including diversity and gender in military organizations, indigenous participation in the military, immigrants in the armed forces, military education, organizational culture, and lessons learned.

Research Interests

  • Military Personnel
  • Immigrants in the Armed Forces
  • Indigenous Peoples Participation in the Military 

Recent Publications

Online

Kim Richard Nossal

Kim Richard Nossal

Kim Richard Nossal

Professor Emeritus

Political Studies Department

About

Professor emeritus of political studies, Centre for International and Defence Policy, Queen’s University. Author of a number of works on Canadian foreign and defence policy. Latest book is Canada Along: Navigating the Post-American World (Dundurn Press, 2023)

Research Interests

  • Canadian foreign and defence policy

Recent Publications

  • Canada Along: Navigating the Post-American World (Dundurn Press, 2023)
  • KRN, Stéphane Roussel et Stéphane Paquin, Politique internationale et défense au Canada et au Québec, deuxième édition enrichie et mise à jour (Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2023)

Online

  • Bluesky: @kimnossal.bsky.social

James McKay

James McKay

James McKay

Associate Professor

Department of Political Science and Economics

Royal Military College of Canada

About

Educated at Bishop's University, RMC, and King's College London.  Has served as Director, Faculty Services, Chair Military & Strategic Studies, Associate Dean of Social Sciences and Humanities (Faculty); and Chair War Studies.  Current research is on the measurement of national power.

Research Interests

  • Power
  • Transatlantic defence & security relations
  • Coercion

Recent Publications

  • “Pressure, Threat, Dependence: Assessing NATO Member-State Defence Spending?” Journal of Transatlantic Studies.  December 2022. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-023-00105-z.

  • with Pierre Jolicoeur, Christian Breede, and Ali Dizboni.  “Educating the Ideal Canadian Lieutenant”. Parameters, Spring 2022.

  • “Canada and NATO: hopes and ambitions”, in Michele Testoni, Ed., NATO and Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century,(London: Routledge, 2021).

  • “Shaped by Loss: Culture and Casualties in Canada”, in H. Christian Breede, Ed.  Culture and the Soldier: Identities, Values, and Norms in Military Engagements, (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2019).

  • “How transatlantic is the Trump Administration?”, Journal of Transatlantic Studies.  October 2019.  DOI: 10.1057/s42738-019-00030-0,  532-553. 

Online

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Justin Massie

Dr. Justin Massie

Justin Massie

Professor

Political Science

Université du Québec à Montréal

About

Justin Massie is a professor and Head of the Department of political science at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He is also Co-director of the Network for Strategic Analysis, and Co-director of Le Rubicon. He was the 2019 Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canada-U.S. Relations at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, DC. His research focuses on the global power transition, multinational military interventions, and foreign and defence policy. His work has been published in several journals, including International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Security, International Relations, Foreign Policy Analysis, Contemporary Security Policy, Comparative Strategy, Canadian Journal of Political Science, International Journal (winner of the best article published in 2017), Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (winner of the best article published in 2008) and Études internationales (winner of the best article published in 2011). He is the author of Francosphère : l’importance de la France dans la culture stratégique du Canada (PUQ, 2013), and co-editor of Paradiplomatie identitaire : Nations minoritaires et politique extérieure (PUQ, 2019), America’s Allies and the Decline of U.S. Hegemony (Routledge, 2019), and Intelligence Cooperation in a Multipolar World: Non-American Perspectives (UTP, 2024).

Research Interests

  • International Security
  • Foreign and Defence Policy
  • Military Interventions

Recent Publications

Online

Robert (Bob) Martyn

Robert Martyn

Robert (Bob) Martyn

Research Fellow

Centre for International and Defence Policy

About

I am a former member of the Canadian military, having divided my service between the Air Force and Army. I served in Armour and Search & Rescue before being commissioned as an Intelligence officer, where I worked in NDHQ, Brigade HQ, and within Special Operations Forces Command. I have operational deployments to Cyprus (UN), Bosnia (NATO), Kosovo (NATO), and two tours in Afghanistan (Special Operations Command). I retired as a Reserve Infantry Officer.

After receiving a BA in Politics (Manitoba) and a MA in War Studies (RMC), I completed my PhD in Military History (Queen’s) in 2004, with a dissertation on Intelligence Support to Peacekeeping. This was followed by Post-Doctoral research in Terrorism (William & Mary) and Intelligence (Carleton/Norman Patterson School of International Relations)

Research Interests

  • Intelligence
  • Violent Radicalization and Disinformation
  • Canadian Arctic

Recent Publications

  • “From the Kremlin to the Klan: Russian Nesting Dolls of Right-Wing Hate,” in Bernd Horn, James Kiras, and Emily Spencer, eds., The Invisible Hand: Strategic Sabotage, Case Studies. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, 2021.

  • “Beliefs: What Motivates Insurgents,” in Robert Engen, H. Christian Breede, and Allan English, eds., Why We Fight: New Approaches to the Human Dimension of War. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020.

  • “Anger in the Peaceable Kingdom: An Overview of Canada’s Violent Extremist History,” in in Stéfanie von Hlatky, ed., Countering Violent Extremism and Terrorism: Assessing Domestic and International Strategies, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2019.

  • “Radicalization in Mali: A Primer.” Queen’s Centre for International and Defence Policy, Policy Brief, 4 (5), November 2018.

  • Domestic Operations: A Canadian Army Perspective. (Editor and contributor) Kingston: Canadian Army Publication Office, 2006.

Online

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Stéphanie Martel

Stéphanie Martel

Stéphanie Martel

Associate Professor

Department of Political Studies

Queen's University

About

Stéphanie Martel is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Studies, and a Distinguished Fellow at the Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada. Her research is on multilateral diplomacy and regional security governance, with a focus on Southeast Asia and the Asia/Indo-Pacific. Dr. Martel’s work has been published in peer-reviewed journals such as International Studies Quarterly, International Affairs, European Journal of International Relations, International Studies Perspectives, PS: Political Science & Politics, and The Pacific Review, among others. She is the author of Enacting the Security Community: ASEAN’s Never-Ending Story (2022, Stanford University Press). Dr. Martel regularly represents Canada in various expert diplomacy mechanisms and policy dialogues on issues of Indo-Pacific security, including the ASEAN Regional Forum's Eminent and Expert Persons Group and the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific. She is a member of the Research Network on Women, Peace and Security.

Research Interests:

  • Multilateral diplomacy, global security, and the role of discourse in international relations;
  • Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific

Recent Publications:

Online:

  • Twitter/X: @st_martel